The article presents a morphological and anatomical analysis of leaves and shoots of Juniperus excelsa subsp. polycarpos (K. Koch) Takht. (syn. Juniperus polycarpos K. Koch) and Juniperus oxycedrus L. The conditions for these species to grow in the territory of the republic are quite limited, therefore morphological growth of species was valued normal under arid and semi-arid zone. Samples of leaves and young shoots of both species have been collected in their natural habitats in the Turyanchay State Nature Reserve, in arid sparse forest conditions. The characteristics of their structure reflecting adaptation to xerophytic conditions have been established. Both species are characterised by a single-layer epidermis with a thickened cuticle, submerged stomata, developed mechanical tissue and the presence of resin ducts. The species J. polycarpos has been found to have two- and three-lobed shoots with varying degrees of xylem development and central cylinder shapes, while J. oxycedrus is characterised by the presence of triangular shoots and well-defined resin ducts in the corners. In contrast to J. oxycedrus, the shoots of J. excelsa subsp. polycarpos are distinguished by their two- and three-lobed nature, reflecting the opposite and whorled arrangement of leaves. The data obtained confirm the similarity of the main anatomical features of both species and their functional role in increasing plant resistance to moisture deficiency and extreme temperatures. The results of the research are important for understanding the mechanisms of adaptation of these species to different climatic conditions.