The study was conducted during 2023 and 2024 in the lowland areas of Karabakh, specifically in the districts of Tartar, Aghjabadi, Barda, and Aghdam, using ethnobotanical and phytosociological methods. The main objective of the research was to assess the cenopopulations of widely distributed leguminous species traditionally used in folk medicine and to document the associated indigenous knowledge. It was found that the value of use was the highest in Melilotus officinalis (0.70), Trifolium repens and T. pratense (both 0.61) according to the number of citations, while Glycyrrhiza glabra (91.06%) and Coronilla varia (98.37%) had higher reliability degree in some diseases. These plants are primarily employed by local communities in the treatment of rheumatism, gastrointestinal, and respiratory ailments. Considering their high use value and wide range of applications, the ontogenetic structure and status of their cenopopulations were evaluated within the plant communities where they occur. Based on the development of ontogenetic stages, the following patterns were observed: cenopopulations II and VI exhibited centralized ontogenetic spectra; population IV displayed a bimodal structure; populations I and V were left-skewed; while population III was rightskewed. Evaluation of age and efficiency indices showed that cenopopulations I, IV, V, and VI are of transitional type (Δ = 0.44–0.54; ω = 0.53–0.71), population II is mature, and population III is aged (Δ = 0.47–0.57; ω = 0.60–0.71).