One way to preserve the purity of ecosystems is the use of polyene antibiotics (PA) with specificity and selectivity of their action on viral and fungi plant cells. In the process of our prolonged scientific activity on the base of polyene antibiotics was discovered a new membrane-active preparation whose basic action is connected with its ability to quickly, high selectivity, and efficiency to destroy simultaneously viral and fungi infections of plants. The most effective of the studied PA were amphotericin B and levorin A₂, produced respectively by soil microorganisms Actinomyces nodosus and Actinomyces levoris. A theoretical analysis of practical aspects of the use of PA is presented to develop an ecological model of environmental protection from carriers of infection. The relationship between the structure of antibiotics and their function in
membranes has been established. The physicochemical properties and biological role of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in combination with PA were studied for the first time. It was found that the use of amphotericin B and levorin A₂ in the DMSO complex enhances the biological activity of the initial antibiotics. It was found that the studied antibiotics have a steep dependence of conductivity on their concentration, which made it possible to identify the effective concentrations of each of them in the formation of ion channels. The conducted research allowed to theoretically substantiate and present practical recommendations for the targeted synthesis of PA and their derivatives with specified properties. For example, alkylation of the polar part of PA molecules increases the biological activity and selectivity of their action on cell membranes. As a result of the conducted research, for the first time it was possible to identify a new compound Infanvir, which has the ability to effectively and selectively suppress the growth of pathogenic viral infections in plant cells. A Eurasian patent has been obtained for the developed drug.